Information Management and Media:
References in APA publications are cited in the text with an author-date citation system and are listed alphabetically in the reference list. This style of citation briefly identifies the source for readers and enables them to locate the source of information in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the article. Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list, and each entry in the reference list must be cited in the text. Make certain that each source referenced appears in both places and that the text citation and reference list entry are identical in spelling of author names and year.
However, two kinds of material are cited only in text: references to classical works such as the Bible and the Qur’an, whose sections are standardized across editions, and references to personal communications.
- Classical works:
When a date of publication is inapplicable, such as for some very old works, cite the year of the translation you used, preceded by trans, or the year of the version you used, followed by version. When you know the original date of publication, include in the citation.
(Aristotle, trans, 1931)
James (1890/1983)
Reference list entries are not required for major classical works, such as ancient Greek and Roman works or classical religious works; simply identify in the first citation in the text, the version you used. Parts of classical works (e.g. books, chapters, verses, lines) are numbered systematically across all editions, so use these numbers instead of page numbers when referring to specific parts of your source:
(Qur’an 5:3-4)
- Personal Communication:
Personal communications may be private letters, memos, some electronic communications (e.g. email or messages from non archived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), personal interviews, telephone conversations, and the like. Because they don’t provide recoverable data, personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible:
T.K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001)
(V.G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1998)
- One Work by One Author:
The author-date method of citation requires that the surname of the author (do not include suffixes such as jr.) and the year of publication be inserted in the text at the appropriate point:
Kessier (2003) found that among epidemiological samples
Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessier, 2003)
If the name of the author appears as part of the narrative, as in the first example, cite only the year of publication in parentheses. Otherwise, place both the name and the year, separated by a comma, in parentheses (as in the second example). Even if the reference includes month and year, include only the year in the text citation. In the rare case in which both the year and the author are given as part of the textual discussion, do not add parenthetical information:
In 2003, Kessier’s study of epidemiological samples showed that…
Within a paragraph, when the name of the author is part of narrative (as in the first example), you need not include the year in subsequent non-parenthetical references to a study as long as the study cannot be confused with other studies cited in the article. Do include the year in all parenthetical citations:
Among epidemiological samples, Kessiee (2003) found that early onset social anxiety disorder results in a more potent and severe course. Kessier also found… The study showed that there was a high rate of comorbidity with alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression (Kessier, 2003).
However, when both name and the year are in parentheses include the year in subsequent citations within the paragraph:
Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessier, 2003). Kessier (2003) also found…
- One Work by Multiple Authors:
When a work has two authors, cite both names and every time the reference occurs in text. When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (Not italicized and with a period after al) and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph.
Kisangau, Lyaruu, Hosea, and Joseph (2007) found [Use as first citation in text]
Kisangau et al. (2007) found [Use as subsequent citations after first non parenthetical citation within a paragraph. Include the year in subsequent citations if first citation within a paragraph is parenthetical.
Exception: If two references of more than three surnames with the same year, shorten to the same form (e.g. both Ireys, Chernoff, De Vet, & Kim, 2001, and Ireys, Chernoff, Stein, De Vet, & Silver, 2001, shorten to Ireys et al., 2001), cite the surnames of the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and et al.
Ireys, Cheroff, DeVet, et al. (2001) and Ireys, Cheroff, Stein, et al. (2001)
Precede the final name in a multiple-author citation in running text by the word and. In parenthetical material, in tables and captions, and in the reference list, join the names by an ampersand (&):
as Kurtines and Szapoczink (2003) demonstrated
as has been shown (Joreskog & Sorbom, 2007)
When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicized and with a period after al) and the year for the first and subsequent citations. If two references woth six or more authors shorten to same form, cite the surnames of the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and et al. For example, suppose you have two entries for the following references:
Kossiyn, Koeing, Barrett, Cave, Tang, and Gabrieli (1996)
Kossiyn, Koeing, Gabrieli, Tang, Marsolek, and Daly (1996)
In text, you would cite them, respectively as:
Kossiyn, Koeing, Barrett, et al. (1996) and Kossiyn, Koeing, Gabrieli, et al. (1996)
- Groups as Authors:
The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g. corporations, associations, government, agencies, and study groups) are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation. The names of some group authors are spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter. In deciding whether to abbreviate the name of a group author, use the general rule that you need to give enough information in the text citation for the reader to locate the entry in the reference list without difficulty. If the name is long and cumbersome and if the abbreviation is familiar or readily understandable, you may abbreviate the name in the second and subsequent citations. If the name is short or if the abbreviation would not be readily understandable, write out the name each time it occurs.
- Authors with the Same Surname:
If a reference list includes publications by two or more primary authors with the same surname, include the first author’s initials in all text citations, even if the year of publication differs. Initials help the reader to avoid confusion within the text and to locate the entry in the list of references.
References:
Light, I. (2006). Deflecting immigration: Networks, markets, and regulation in Los Angeles. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Light, M.A. & Light, I.H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States and its implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8, 73-82.
Text Cites:
Among studies , we review M.A. Light and Light (2008) and I. Light (2006).
- Works with No Identified Author or with Anonymous Author:
When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter, or a web page and italicize the title of a periodical, a book, a brochure, or a report:
on free care (“Study Finds,” 2007)
the book College Bound Seniors (2008)
Treat references to legal materials like references to works with no author; that is, in text, cite materials such as court cases, statutes, and legislation by the first few words of the references and the year.
When a work’s author is designated as “Anonymous”, cite in text the word Anonymous followed by a comma and the date:
(Anonymous, 1998)
- Two or More works within the Same Parentheses:
Order the citations of two or more works within the same parentheses alphabetically in the same order in which they appear in the reference list (including citations that would otherwise shorten to et al.)
Arrange two or more works by the same authors (in the same order) by year of publication. Place in-press citations last. Give the authors’ surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date.
Training materials are available (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2001, 2003)
Past research (Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press)
Identify works by the same author ( or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the same publication date by the suffixes a, b, c, and so forth, after the year; repeat the year. The suffixes are assigned in the reference list, where these kinds of references are ordered alphabetically by title (of the article, chapter, or complete work).
Several studies (Derryberry & Reed. 2005a, 2005b, in press-a; Rothbart, 2003a, 2003b)
List two or more works by different authors who are cited within the same parentheses in alphabetical order by the first author’s surname. Separate the citations with semicolons.
Several studies (Miller, 1999; Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998)
Exception:
You may separate a major citation from other citations within parentheses by inserting a phrase, such as see also, before the first of the remaining citations, which should be in alphabetical order:
(Minore, 2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 2007)
- Secondary Sources:
Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English. Give the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Allport’s work is cited in Nicholson and you didn’t read Allport’s work, list the Nicholoson reference in the reference list. In the text, use the following citation;
Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).
- Citing Specific Parts of a Source:
To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in the text. Always give page numbers for quotations. Note that page, but not chapter, is abbreviated in text citations:
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005, p.10)
(Shimamura, 1989, Chapter 3)
Knowledge World 